Mahatma Gandhi Research Paper Free Essays

Aroused by the massacre of Amritsar in 1919, Gandhi devoted his life to gaining India’s independence from Great Britain. As the dominant figure used his persuasive philosophy of non-violent confrontation, he inspired political activists with many persuasions throughout the world (Andrews 23). Not only was Mahatma Gandhi a great peacemaker, but also his work to achieve freedom and equality for all people was greatly acknowledged. We will write a custom essay sample on Mahatma Gandhi Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gandhi’s unconventional style of leadership gained him the love of a country and eventually enabled him to lead the independence movement in India. Mohandas Gandhi, later called Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2,1869 in Porbandar, which is the present day state of Gujarat, India (Andrews 17). He grew up in a very controlled family that had an alliance with the family ruling Kathiawad. He was engaged to two other women who both died, then he eventually married Kasturba at the age of 13. Gandhi sailed to England to attend University College in London to study law (Kamat’s Potpourri). In 1891, he was able to practice in the British bar. Gandhi went back to India and tried to authorize a law practice in Bombay, with very little achievement. Two years later, an Indian firm with curiosity in South Africa had an office in Durban where Gandhi was commissioned as legal advisor. This is where he lived for twenty years once he began his job doing labor on the sugar estates in South Africa (Moreorless). As soon as he arrived in Durban, he found himself being treated as if he was not human. The Africans forbade fundamental individual rights and political rights from the Indian immigrants. This conduct resulted in Gandhi’s outburst in fury towards the African’s reactions to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He then began a civil right’s campaign, which resulted in the development of his passive resistance policy, which eventually inspired thousands. The Union of South Africa government adjusted Gandhi’s demands, which included recognition of Indian marriages and abolition of the poll tax (Kamat’s Potpourri). When this man saw how terrible people were being treated because of diversity he said, â€Å"†There is nothing that wastes the body like worry, and one who has any faith in God should be ashamed to worry about anything whatsoever,† (Gold 231). By saying that, he meant that no one should worry about where hey stand in society or how they are judged because in God’s eyes everyone is perfect and everyone is equal therefore, no one who has any faith in God should be worrying about their so called â€Å"imperfections. † This great man struggled to gain the important rights for all Indians, and this is where it all began. Once Gandhi’ s mission in South Africa was complete, he returned to India and became involved in the home ruling movement. He was concerned with excessive land tax and discrimination, so he organized protests by peasants, farmers, and urban laborers to help them stand tall and fight for what they deserved (Gold 57). During World War I, Gandhi had an active part in recruiting campaigns by launching his new movement of non-violent resistance to Great Britain (Byers 202). When Parliament passed the Rowlatt Acts in 1919, Satyagraha, which means insistence on truth, spread throughout India, recruiting millions of followers. British soldiers massacred Indians at Amritsar as a demonstration against the Rowlatt Acts. In 1920 the British government failed to make peace, which resulted in Gandhi organizing a campaign of non-cooperation (Andrews 103). There was chaos in India as the public office resigned, courts were boycotted, and children were taken out of schools. Sitting Indians, who ignored police officers when told to move, even if they got beaten, blocked the streets. Gandhi was arrested, but the British soon were forced to free him. India’s economic independence was made of Gandhi’s Swaraj (self governing) movement. Because of this, India boycotted all British goods and British industrialists were left in extreme poverty across India. To save the country, Gandhi brought back cottage industries. He started to symbolize the return of simple village life by using a spinning wheel. â€Å"Gandhi became the international symbol of a free India. He lived a spiritual and ascetic life of prayer, fasting, and meditation,† (Andrews 126). He refused material possessions, and wore the lowest-class clothing and supported himself on only vegetables, fruits, and goat’s milk. Fellow Indians looked at him as a God-like force, often referring to him as Mahatma (which means great-souled). Gandhi’s ahimsa (idea of nonviolence), was essentially the way of life in the Hindu religion. Since India followed Gandhi’s ahimsa with such support, Britain would soon understand that violence is useless in this country and leave. In 1921, Gandhi received complete leadership from the Indian National Congress, the group that started the movement for nationhood. But, the Indian population could not understand why the whole world wasn’t practicing and showing the ahimsa (Kamat’s Potpurri). Because of this, many armed revolts broke out against the British. Gandhi eventually admitted that his campaign was a failure, and quickly tried to end it. Gandhi was then seized and imprisoned by the British government in 1922. He was released in 1924, and distanced himself from being involved in any politics and instead focused on getting the Indian community closer (Gold 149). Unavoidably, he was brought back into the political forces. In 1930, a new campaign of civil disobedience was called to the Indian population saying they should refuse to pay taxes, especially on salt (Moreorless). The campaign was the famous march to the sea, where thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea, and made salt by evaporating sea-water. Gandhi was again arrested, but released in 1931 as he stopped the campaign. In 1932, Gandhi started new civil-disobedience campaigns against the British. Since he was arrested twice, the Mahatma fasted for long periods many times. These fasts were very useful against the British because revolts would have broken out if Gandhi had died. In September 1932, while in jail, Gandhi performed a â€Å"fast unto death† in order to help the Hindu Untouchables. (Byers 202). The British considered the Untouchables as a separate part of the Indian government and tolerated their injustice. Although Gandhi was a member of the upper caste, he strongly believed in removing this unjust caste system. In 1934 Gandhi resigned from politics, being replaced by Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi continued teaching ahimsa and traveled across India. He was known for his dedication and political power. Since he was viewed with such great esteem, the British had to wait for Gandhi’s approval to limit the home rule in 1935. In 1939 he returned to politics and designed his first act manipulate the ruler of the state of Rajkot to change his autocratic rule (Moreorless). The colonial government had to intervene because the fast caused commotion across the country. When World War II broke out, the Congress party and Gandhi refused to support Britain in the war unless they were given complete independence. The British refused their proposal. When Japan entered the war, Gandhi still refused to allow India to fight in the war. He was imprisoned in 1942 but was freed after two years due to his bad health (Kamat’s Potpourri). By 1944 the British agreed to allow Indian independence only if the two nationalist groups, the Muslim League and the Congress party, resolved their issues (Andrews 178). Gandhi was strongly against the dividing of India but in the end had to agree, hoping that peace would be accomplished after the demand for Muslim separation was achieved. India and Pakistan split to two separate states when India gained its independence in 1947. Gandhi begged Hindus and Muslims to live together peacefully during the riots. Mahatma fasted until the riots stopped (Moreorless). He also fasted successfully on January 13, 1948, to bring about peace, but twelve days after that fast ended he was assassinated by a Hindu on his way to an evening prayer (Byers 203). Gandhi’s death was a worldwide devastation that left the population in shock. In the United Nations there was a day set aside to mourn for Gandhi and remember his acts of nonviolence for eternity. All countries sent their apologies and reassured that he would never be forgotten. The teachings of nonviolent movements were inspired in other countries, as well as the U. S. A. â€Å"under the civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and in South Africa under Nelson Mandela,† (Moreorless). Gandhi was the most inspirational leader in the twentieth century because of his unique tactics of protesting and making peace worldwide. The most persuasive ways of accomplishing change in social issues came from his idea of civil disobedience and nonviolence, which advised freedom movements around the globe (Moreorless). This political leader and peacemaker will always be remembered as a successful man who impacted many to be non-violent. This accomplishment is a great achievement because without this concept India may still have been fighting for independence. Gandhi said, â€Å"The† (Moreorless) and that is what Gandhi chose to do. By doing favors for other people he was able to find out who he was, he found out he was the Mahatma because he truly did have a great soul. How to cite Mahatma Gandhi Research Paper, Essays

Global Operations Management Ppq Parts Pros and Cons Essay Example For Students

Global Operations Management Ppq Parts Pros and Cons Essay The applications provided are the most adaptable in a business proposal; most of the customers place their focus on the strategy Of the application Which also has the most complete business portfolio. The business areas of the Oracle include: * Financial Management * Customer Relationship Management * Procurement * Supply Chain Management * Product Lifestyle Management * Asset Lifestyle Management Manufacturing Oracle pros: Database and the application have an excellent integration Useful schedule information is provided ;k Sales forecasting is very strong * Under the Oracle there is an approach that provides different products Oracle Cons: * Oracle forms are incompatible with other databases ;k Online reports seem to not be very user friendly * Most normal activities that are industry specific are not offered SAP Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing, this is the meaning of SAP. SAP is an Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system that is brings together different applications. Each application may accommodate a different business type area but it still makes sure that the real time information is exchanged. SAP is complex and is a more complicated (ERR) system because it requires money Who is proficient With the knowledge to program it for its intended use throughout the business. SAP operates on the fourth generation programming language, this is referred to the Advance Business Application Programming (APP)_ SAP provides four basic business areas, these business areas include: Financial business * Logistics (planning, implementing, and coordination of detail) * Human Resources * Manufacturing SAP Pros: * It is flexible With integration and has a better range Of databases versus Oracle * SAP offers merged products * The ERP solution for SAP is flexible SAP cons: The appearance for business processes is complicated * It is very difficult to actually employ SAP Being as flexible as SAP is, it can be harmful and cause unneeded risks Peoples People soft is a great system that many companys use today. People soft is part of the Oracle enterprise application, This system was designed to handle requirements tort a company that may seem to be more compounded and may require an intelligent type of software to sift through it, gay providing an integrated business solut ion to meet the industry standard by enabling organizations to boost its productivity, move forward with the business reference, and lower the cost of ownership, this application has given the ability to provide proficient knowledge from an experts point of view. These areas include: Financial Management ;k Human Capital Management ;k Supplier Relationship Management Peoples Pros: * Peoples can grow along With the company * It is web based and combines the latest features * Simplified transaction approvals * Allows to save money by excluding the 3rd party APS Peoples Cons: * People soft only has one negative; it is hard to identify components with the long purchase orders Info BAN Previously BAN was a provider of enterprise resource planning software but currently is now under the ownership of a company called Information Global Systems. In my research there are is a good amount of companies that still use the software system BAA even though more advanced systems are available at the fingertips. The Bandanna and ERP LEN are versions of the BAN and are the most spread out and widely used programs, they are still determined the top of the class for ERP mainly for the manufacturing division. Information BAN provides a path for solutions that hav e been modified in a certain way that meets he needs of any business. The functions that Info BAN can provide are: Finance * Project ;k Manufacturing * Distribution ;k Transportation * Service ;k Control Planning * Utilities BAN Pros: * Microsoft is compatible With BAN * Best in the ERP class in the manufacturing division * user interface comes with graphics and point to click features B,MN Cons: * Compared to Oracle, BAN isnt as strong. BAN relies on its compatibility with other platforms * ERP areas are limited Microsoft Dynamics Microsoft has always had great reputation for software systems. Material Requirement Planning (MR..), Capacity Requirement Planning (CRAP), and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) all are offered in the Microsoft package. .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 , .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 .postImageUrl , .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 , .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20:hover , .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20:visited , .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20:active { border:0!important; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20:active , .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20 .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c33147a4dfbd4d232cae74992ecdc20:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arts and Culture Sector Report EssayMicrosoft uses technology like Microsoft Office Suites, Microsoft SQL Server (data management software), and Microsoft Sharpening Server. All of these are used daily by businesses. Think PC parts would benefit from using the Microsoft Partner Network Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) capability because PC would have an advantage of using the systems to demonstrate their proficiency in deploying Microsoft Dynamic financial and supplying chain solutions that elate to the product line functions. Also, by implementing the Microsoft package, PC would be able to increase its revenue and open up a lot more possibilities to deliver further capa bility. Microsoft Dynamic Pros: ;k Access to the real time data * Transmitting data is easy as well as safe ERP for Microsoft can be used globally * Microsoft ERP comes With high security and performance Microsoft Dynamic Cons: * Customizations that are far. Reaching may not be supported * Might not work with all industries * Not as many options offered for add-on support and features Sage 500 Sage is a great kind of software that brings together both management and financial accounting functions. They support and consolidate functions throughout the company and the software package has the intensity and span of being not only able to function with the flexibility in a way to be customized per any request but also set up to accommodate the needs of certain parts of the organization. Sage 500 is an enterprise resource planning (ERP). In a company, Sage 500 is a very helpful tool in certain areas.

Twain Uses Symbolism To Create A Certain Effect In Huckleberry Finn. D

Twain uses symbolism to create a certain effect in Huckleberry Finn. Diction, organization, details, and his personal point of view hides all aspects of symbolism in the novel. Twain uses many types of style analysis to connect things from word choice to the way the story flows. In this way, the reader gathers more interest out of reading the book because they have the ability to hunt out the symbolic meanings. Jim's meaning to Huck changes as they proceed through their adventure. He starts out as an extra person just to take on the journey, but they transform into a friend. It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger.(Pg.84) Huck tries to squeal on Jim but can't because he remembers that Jim called him de bes' fren' I ever had;...de on'y white genlman dat ever kep' his promise to ole Jim.(Pg.87) Huck realizes that he can not turn Jim in since they both act as runaway outcasts on the river. The support they have for each other sprouts friendship. The events that Huck comes in contact with carry a certain sequential order. Huck started off despising the Widow's rules, and when his Pap kidnaps him, he has no interest in returning. The juxtaposed thoughts in Pap's mind, money and education, make him feel unworthy to Huck. Since Pap has neither quality, he does not want Huck to accelerate him in anyway. His father's frantic activities show him as a p erson to always avoid and Huck now intentionally goes to school to spite Pap(Pg.27). School is everything Pap is not, and everything he will never be.(Mrs. Hunsaker) Huck had reached a point where he was getting sort of used to the Widow's ways, too, and they warn't so raspy on me. (Pg.13) It just shows that one of Huck's major attributes is his ability to adapt to any situation and to olive in a variety of different surroundings, including a slim old maid who held a spelling book in her hand.(Pg.2) Twain's use of organization improved every view on Huck as a character. First person brings the reader a more innocent side of the story, so the reader feels more compassion for the small boy. The symbolic image falls into play between Huck and Jim, ...en trash is what people is dat puts dirt on de head er dey fren's en makes 'em ashamed...(Pg. 84), this made Huck open his eyes for the first time in his life. Jim for the first time shows feelings for Huck and lets him know you don't treat people who care for you like trash. This makes Huck aware that Jim means more to him than just someone's slave, he now considers him a friend. Next, Huck finally sees Jim's loyalty toward him, ...so Jim he said he would stand the first half of it for me...(Pg.124), keeping a special watch not waking him on his turn, ...I went to sleep, and Jim didn't call me when it was my turn...(Pg.150). Even the little things like not waking Huck, show more than just an undying friendship. The symbolism of a grown man and a child had more effect instead of having two grown men, becau se a child needs a father figure. Jim fit the description and perfectly provided that for him. In conclusion, Huck's point of view always came direct, but never gave a long explanation. The direct imagery in Huckleberry Finn describes the way Twain allows the characters to show emotion. Every time Huck sets out on the river another big adventure occurs, and he looked out on the big river...(Pg.36), he expects it to lead someplace better and to allow him to escape the threats of society, ...the river, everything was quiet...(Pg.116). Huck felt that no one could satisfy his need for adventure; not his Pap nor the widow, he got placed in between. The river to him stands for stillness and calmness that neither one of his guardians could represent. Many things lead to their freedom, de river wuz a-risin', en dey wuz a good current...(Pg.44), the river a good sign to leave, I noticed some pieces of limbs...floating down...the river had begun to rise...always luck

Letter to Octavian essays

Letter to Octavian essays When Lepidus retired, why did you choose to take the west and not the east? What strategies did you use to defeat Marc Antony and win the Battle of Actium to become the sole Dictator? Did it feel invigorating to know that you had earned even more power than Julius Caesar? You then were made the one who made all of the final decisions including laws and foreign policy. Was it hard to live up to all of your peoples expectations? Did you return Rome to power and glory like you promised? How did you act to end all civil wars, expand territories, and create more jobs, which you also promised the people of Rome? I think that you were a very positive Emperor and probably the best one Rome has had in all of history. Your popularity with the people must have influenced them in many ways. I am sure that you improving the Roman military helped get you tasks such as expanding territories done. Being the commander of the army and navy must have meant that you were a great strategist. It was extremely smart of you to offer citizenship to anyone who joined the army or navy and doubling the size of the military. How did you think of that? Extending trade routes to Europe, Asia, and Africa must have increased the trade significantly. Did your Empire make a lot of profits from trade? How exactly did you better the living conditions inside the Empire? Who were allowed inside the schools that you founded? Were people excluded because of their gender or race? Did encouraging the arts and literature have a large affect on your people because they adored you? When architecture increased did the cities become more compact? Thank you for all of the great tasks you have succeeded in doing that have effected life everyday up un till this year (2002). I hope that you can and will write back when you get a chance. ...

Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty

Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty The death penalty, also known as capital punishment, is the lawful imposition of death as punishment for a crime. In 2004 four (China, Iran, Vietnam, and the US) accounted for 97 percent of all global executions. On average, every 9-10 days a government in the United States executes a prisoner. It is the Eighth Amendment, the constitutional clause that prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, that is at the center of the debate about capital punishment in America. Although most Americans support capital punishment under some circumstances, according to Gallup support for capital punishment has dropped dramatically from a high of 80 percent in 1994 to about 60 percent today. Facts and Figures Red state executions per million population are an order of magnitude greater than blue state executions (46.4 v 4.5). Blacks are executed at a rate significantly disproportionate to their share of the overall population. Based on 2000 data, Texas ranked 13th in the country in violent crime and 17th in murders per 100,000 citizens. However, Texas leads the nation in death penalty convictions and executions. Since the 1976 Supreme Court decision that reinstated the death penalty in the United States, the governments of the United States had executed 1,136, as of December 2008. The 1,000th execution, North Carolinas Kenneth Boyd, occurred in December 2005. There were 42 executions in 2007. Death Row More than 3,300 prisoners were serving death-row sentences in the US in December 2008. Nationwide, juries are delivering fewer death sentences: since the late 1990s, they have dropped 50 percent. The violent crime rate has also dropped dramatically since the mid-90s, reaching the lowest level ever recorded in 2005. Latest Developments In 2007, the Death Penalty Information Center released a report, â€Å"A Crisis of Confidence: Americans’ Doubts About the Death Penalty.† The Supreme Court has ruled that the death penalty should reflect the conscience of the community, and that its application should be measured against societys evolving standards of decency. This latest report suggests that 60 percent of Americans do not believe that the death penalty is a deterrent to murder. Moreover, almost 40 percent believe that their moral beliefs would disqualify them from serving on a capital case. And when asked whether they prefer the death penalty or life in prison without parole as punishment for murder, the respondents were split: 47 percent death penalty, 43 percent prison, 10 percent unsure. Interestingly, 75 percent believe that a higher degree of proof is required in a capital case than in a prison as punishment case. (poll margin of error /- ~3%) In addition, since 1973 more than 120 people have had their death row convictions overturned. DNA testing has resulted in 200 non-capital cases to be overturned since 1989. Mistakes like these shake public confidence in the capital punishment system. Perhaps it is not surprising, then, that almost 60 percent of those polled- including almost 60 percent of the southerners- in this study believe that the United States should impose a moratorium on the death penalty. An ad hoc moratorium is almost in place. After the 1,000th execution in December 2005, there were almost no executions in 2006 or the first five months of 2007. History Executions as a form of punishment date to at least the 18th century BC. In America, Captain George Kendall was executed in 1608 in the Jamestown Colony of Virginia; he was accused of being a spy for Spain. In 1612, Virginia death penalty violations included what modern citizens would consider minor violations: stealing grapes, killing chickens and trading with Indians. In the 1800s, abolitionists took up the cause of capital punishment, relying in part on Cesare Beccarias 1767 essay, On Crimes and Punishment. From the 1920s-1940s, criminologists argued that the death penalty was a necessary and preventative social measure. The 1930s, also marked by the Depression, saw more executions than any other decade in our history. From the 1950s-1960s, public sentiment turned against capital punishment, and the number executed plummeted. In 1958, the Supreme Court ruled in Trop v. Dulles that the Eighth Amendment contained an evolving standard of decency that marked the progress of a maturing society. And according to Gallup, public support reached an all-time low of 42 percent in 1966. Two 1968 cases caused the nation to rethink its capital punishment law. In U.S. v. Jackson, the Supreme Court ruled that requiring that the death penalty be imposed only upon recommendation of a jury was unconstitutional because it encouraged defendants to plead guilty to avoid trial. In Witherspoon v. Illinois, the Court ruled on juror selection; having a reservation was insufficient cause for dismissal in a capital case. In June 1972, the Supreme Court (5-4) effectively voided death penalty statutes in 40 states and commuted the sentences of 629 death row inmates. In Furman v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment with sentencing discretion was cruel and unusual and thus violated the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. In 1976, the Court ruled that capital punishment itself was constitutional while holding that new death penalty laws in Florida, Georgia and Texas- which included sentencing guidelines, bifurcated trials, and automatic appellate review- were constitutional. A ten-year moratorium on executions that had begun with the Jackson and Witherspoon ended on 17 January 1977 with the execution of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. Deterrence There are two common arguments in support of capital punishment: that of deterrence and that of retribution. According to Gallup, most Americans believe that the death penalty is a deterrent to homicide, which helps them justify their support for capital punishment. Other Gallup research suggests that most Americans would not support capital punishment if it did not deter murder. Does capital punishment deter violent crimes? In other words, will a potential murderer consider the possibility that they might be convicted and face the death penalty before committing murder? The answer appears to be no. Social scientists have mined empirical data searching for the definitive answer on deterrence since the early 20th century. And most deterrence research has found that the death penalty has virtually the same effect as long imprisonment on homicide rates. Studies suggesting otherwise (notably, writings of Isaac Ehrlich from the 1970s) have been, in general, criticized for methodological errors. Ehrlichs work was also criticized by the National Academy of Sciences - but it is still cited as a rationale for deterrence. A 1995 survey of police chiefs and country sheriffs found that most ranked the death penalty last in a list of six options that might deter violent crime. Their top two picks? Reducing drug abuse and fostering an economy that provides more jobs. Data on murder rates  seem to discredit the deterrence theory as well. The region of the county with the greatest number of executions- the South- is the region with the largest murder rates. For 2007, the average murder rate in states with the death penalty was 5.5; the average murder rate of the 14 states without the death penalty was 3.1. Thus deterrence, which is offered as a reason to support capital punishment (pro), doesnt wash. Retribution In Gregg v Georgia, the Supreme Court wrote that [t]he instinct for retribution is part of the nature of man... The theory of retribution rests, in part, on the Old Testament and its call for an eye for an eye. Proponents of retribution argue that the punishment must fit the crime. According to The New American: Punishment- sometimes called retribution- is the main reason for imposing the death penalty. Opponents of retribution theory believe in the sanctity of life and often argue that it is just as wrong for society to kill as it is for an individual to kill. Others argue that what drives American support for capital punishment is the impermanent emotion of outrage. Certainly, emotion not reason seems to be the key behind support for capital punishment. Costs Some supporters of the death penalty also contend it is less expensive than a life sentence. Nevertheless, at least 47 states do have life sentences without the possibility of parole. Of those, at least 18 have no possibility of parole. And according to the ACLU: The most comprehensive death penalty study in the country found that the death penalty costs North Carolina $2.16 million more per execution than a non-death penalty murder case with a sentence of life imprisonment (Duke University, May 1993). In its review of death penalty expenses, the State of Kansas concluded that capital cases are 70% more expensive than comparable non-death penalty cases. Conclusion More than 1000 religious leaders  have written an open letter to America and its leaders: We join with many Americans in questioning the need for the death penalty in our modern society and in challenging the effectiveness of this punishment, which has consistently been shown to be ineffective, unfair, and inaccurate...With the prosecution of even a single capital case costing millions of dollars, the cost of executing 1,000 people has easily risen to billions of dollars. In light of the serious economic challenges that our country faces today, the valuable resources that are expended to carry out death sentences would be better spent investing in programs that work to prevent crime, such as improving education, providing services to those with mental illness, and putting more law enforcement officers on our streets. We should make sure that money is spent to improve life, not destroy it...As people of faith, we take this opportunity to reaffirm our opposition to the death penalty and to express our belief in the sacredness of human life and in the human capacity for chan ge. In 2005, Congress considered the Streamlined Procedures Act (SPA), which would have amended the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA). AEDPA placed restrictions on the power of federal courts to grant writs of habeas corpus to state prisoners. The SPA would have imposed additional limits on the ability of state inmates to challenge the constitutionality of their imprisonment through habeas corpus.

Answering the question in skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answering the question in skills - Essay Example What did you learn from your visit to the library? Which resources are you planning to use for your assignments this term? I learned from my visit to the library that there is a vast amount of reference materials available that can fully equip a student with all the knowledge, information, and data for any research work. I also learned that a student must familiarize himself how the materials in the library are Well-organized so one can efficiently conduct a research. It was very interesting for me to know that there are many databases that I can access in the library. These databases are provided by really good sources such as Cambridge, EBSCO, Harvard and other reputable academic organizations which provide an almost endless supply of journals. The Bridgeman Education is also helpful since it contains images that I can use for my projects. The journals coming from SAGE or EBSCO are even peer-reviewed which means that I get quality reference materials for any research I have to make. Also, it would be worth mentioning that the design of the library as well as the ambience is very conducive to reading. It was awesome to see such beautiful library containing 350,000 books and 8,000 journal articles. Indeed, the administration really made such an effort to giving the students the best possible support to their academic life. Aside from the books, I am planning to use the PCs since the electronic journals as well as databases can be accessed from there. The e-library provides convenience in reading materials even when you’re off-campus since I can access materials even at a net cafe. Yes I am confident in using the library resources and librarians are helpful in case you can’t find what you need. The only way to enhance research skills is by reading a lot of materials and organizing the reading list that you have. Having worked in groups today please reflect how successful you think it was? What do you think

The application of sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The application of sustainability - Essay Example Hence, CABE, the government’s advisor on architecture, urban design and public space, considers investment in sustainable development as a national insurance policy, which makes cities better places to live in, creating new jobs and reducing fuel scarcity and traffic congestion. Seven issues have been highlighted by CABE to focus on while working towards sustainability. They are: reducing energy usage, optimising power supply to buildings, making streets fit for people, rethinking waste, planning for shortage/excess of water, moderating heat, and creating green spaces. The most important step towards achieving sustainability is reducing the inefficient use of finite resources. Reduction targets should be fixed, progress reviewed, effects updated regularly and published. The leaders should be able to think long-term and make long-term decisions and long-term goals. Energy and waste should be planned and managed together. There should be greater control of land and assets with i ncreased investment in energy security, flood protection and water supply. Investments should be made in urban forestry, and buildings should be assessed for sustainable designs. Valuation and asset management should be reviewed, shifting focus to long-term returns ensuring more protection from boom and bust cycles (CABE 2009, p.9). Fragmentation of land ownership could lead to sub-standard maintenance of land and the structures on it. Cities should create an energy strategy, involving the utility companies, tracing the current and future needs and planning for the future, prioritising low-carbon, sustainable energy sources. Efforts should be made to reduce energy consumption to power buildings. Renewable energy technologies should be used along with behavioural changes to ensure energy security. The transportation system, including the roads, should be planned is such a way that there is minimum need for travel. Streets should be maintained in an improved